الابحاث العلمية للطلاب |Students Research Articles

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يعرض هذا القسم الأبحاث المقبولة للنشر ضمن مبادرة نشر الأبحاث للطلبة في المجلات ذات التأثير المرتفع و التي اطلقتها عمادة البحث العلمي

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Is there a doctor on board?”: willingness and confidence of physicians in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in assisting with in-flight medical emergencies
(2021) Majd Mohammed Alrayes; Saud K. Alkhaldi; Ali Hamad Alomar; Abdulrahman Abdulaziz Alghamdi; Fares Mohammad Nassef; Nouf A AlShamlan; Reem S AlOmar; Hatem A Alqahtani
Background: In-flight medical emergencies (IMEs) are common, and for a traveling physician, it is very likely to encounter such a condition. Data discussing this issue are limited. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the willingness and confidence of physicians in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) in responding to IMEs. As well as, to assess the associated sociodemographic, occupational, and travel-related factors, and their previous experience with such events. Methods: This cross-sectional, online-based, study was conducted among all physicians in KSA during January 2021. The self-administered questionnaire included questions on sociodemographic, occupational, travel profiles, willingness and confidence towards IMEs. Chi-Squared or Fisher’s Exact test were used for bivariate analysis followed by the multivariable binary logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 4558 physicians participated in the study. About one-third of participants reported one or more IME incidents, and the vast majority of them provided assistance. Cardiovascular diseases were the most common IMEs. About half of the participating physicians are concerned about the medico-legal consequences of providing assistance with such a condition. Among all specialties, emergency physicians reported the highest willingness and confidence toward IMEs. Predictors for a physician’s willingness to assist in IMEs were being male, having been involved in a previous IME situation, attended life support and IME courses, frequent traveling, and practicing medicine in the Central region of Saudi Arabia. Conclusion: Findings from the current study stressed the need for establishing standardized guidelines about the roles of healthcare workers and the legal consequences of providing medical assessment in IMEs. Moreover, training programs on IMEs to all physicians, especially those who deal with a variety of cases during their practice such as internal medicine and family medicine are also suggested. © 2021, The Author(s).
Analytical Modeling and Optimization of a Heat Sink Design for Passive Cooling of Solar PV Panel
(2021) Mohammed AlZahrani; Mohammed Aboulebdah; Fahad AlAmri
High temperature is the primary challenge in the development of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in an arid climate. A rise in temperature diminishes the performance of the PV systems and shortens their lifespan. The goal of this manuscript is to develop an analytical model to predict the temperature of PV panels under a passive cooling system for an arid environment. Taking into consideration the link between solar panel temperature and its conversion efficiency, Kirchhoffâ€™s and Ohmâ€™s laws for a complex circuit were applied to calculate the heat flux in the solar panel system, and hence obtain the temperatures of each layer in the system. Closed-form analytical expressions for temperature, output power, and conversion efficiency of the solar panel were deduced and presented as functions of solar irradiance, ambient temperature, emissivity, wind velocity, tilt angle, and dimensions of fins. Comparison between the results presented in the literature and those predicted by the developed analytical model validated the presented model. Moreover, the length of the fins required for safe thermal operation of solar panels in harsh desert environment were also obtained from analysis. Furthermore, the effect of using such a cooling system on the temperature and efficiency of the solar panels was verified by using the developed model under real conditions in Dammam city during summer and winter seasons. The results showed that the optimized heat sink could raise the solar panel power by 8.7% during summer and by 6.5% during winter.
Superconducting properties of YBCO bulk co-embedded by nano-BaTiO3 and WO3 particles
(2021) S. A. S. Alotaibi, Y.Almessiere, M. A.Hannachi, E.Al-qwairi, F. O.Iqbal, M.Ben Azzouz, F.Yasin, G.; Fatimah Omar Saeed Al-alqwai; M.A. Almessiere; Faten Ben Azzouz
The combined effect of the addition of different weight percentages of nano-BaTiO3/WO3 particles, synthesized through a solid-state reaction route in bulk YBCO superconductor was studied. The examination by X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the samples crystallize into the orthorhombic structure. The orthorhombic distortion reduced with increasing the content of BTO and WO3 nanoparticles. The diminution of the orthorhombic distortion is followed by a significant alteration of critical transition temperature (T-co) at high addition level. The variation in crystallite size, electrical transport, magnetic field dependence of critical current density (J(c)), and flux-pinning force (F-p) of YBCO with various amounts of BTO, WO3 nanoparticles were studied in detail. The self-field critical current density (J(c)) increases to a maximum value of 0.32 x 10(4) A cm(-2) for the 0.05 wt% co-addition of nano-BTO/WO3 particles. The factor boosting in this content was found to reach up to 45 when compared to the pure sample in the entire applied magnetic field. The enhancement of J(c) values in the 0.05 wt% added sample was attributed to the presence of high-efficiency crystal defects that act as artificial pinning centers, formed due to the BTO/WO3 nanoparticles co-addition. Also, the pinning force density was enhanced by the co-addition of nano-BTO/WO3 particles in YBCO bulk superconductor and attained a maximum value of 1.5 MT.A.m(-2) at 77 K for x = 0.05 wt%.
Evaluation of solvent and temperature effect on green accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and UHPLC quantification of phenolics in fresh olive fruit (Olea europaea),
(2021) Rizwan Ahmad; Niyaz Ahmad; Ahmed Aljamea; Saad Abuthayn; Mohammed Aqeel
A green ASE (accelerated solvent extraction) with a shorter UHPLC (ultra-high performance liquid chromatography) method was developed for simultaneous determination of phenolics. High extract yield (130آ mg/g) was observed for water at 100آ آ°C in a short time of 19.5آ min using 33.5آ mL solvent whereas, UHPLC showed more phenolics of GA (gallic acid), QT (quercetin), LT (luteolin) in ACE (acetone) and RT (rutin) in EtOH (ethanol) solvent at 60آ آ°C. The binary solvent system of ACE: EtOH (1:1) at 60آ آ°C was optimized as extraction set. UHPLC runtime was 3آ min with retention times of (min); 0.63 (GA), 0.97 (RT), 2.00 (QT) and 2.41 (LT). Average for phenolics (ppm) was, QT (10.91)آ >آ GA (7.33)آ >آ LT (4.10)آ >آ RT (3.90) whereas, Spanish whole green olive (SP2) showed more phenolics (20.72). Individual phenolic was, GA (47.06)آ >آ RT (26.21)آ >آ QT (19.34)آ >آ LT (6.18). Multivariate, K-mean and PCA (principal component analysis) for solvent*extract yield showed significant correlation and temperature showed no significant correlation for phenolics.
Ensemble Machine Learning Based Identification of Pediatric Epilepsy
(2021) Shamsah Majed Alotaibi; Atta-ur-Rahman; Mohammed Imran Basheer
Epilepsy is a type of brain disorder that causes recurrent seizures. It is the second most common neurological disease after Alzheimer’s. The effects of epilepsy in children are serious, since it causes a slower growth rate and a failure to develop certain skills. In the medical field, specialists record brain activity using an Electroencephalogram (EEG) to observe the epileptic seizures. The detection of these seizures is performed by specialists, but the results might not be accurate due to human errors; therefore, automated detection of epileptic pediatric seizures might be the optimal solution. This paper investigates the detection of epileptic seizures by applying supervised machine learning techniques. The techniques applied on the data of patients with ages seven years and below from children’s hospital boston massachusetts institute of technology (CHB-MIT) scalp EEG database of epileptic pediatric signals. A group of Naïve Bayes (NB), Support vector machine (SVM), Logistic regression (LR), k-nearest neighbor (KNN), Linear discernment (LD), Decision tree (DT), and ensemble learning methods were applied to the classification process. The results demonstrated the outperformance of the present study by achieving 100% for all parameters using the Ensemble learning model in contrast to state-of-the-art studies in the literature. Similarly, the SVM model achieved performance with 98.3% for sensitivity, 97.7% for specificity, and 98% for accuracy. The results of the LD and LR models reveal the lower performance i.e., the sensitivity at 66.9%–68.9%, specificity at 73.5%–77.1%, and accuracy at 70.2%–73%.
Study on the addition of SiO2 nanowires to BaTiO3: Structure, morphology, electrical and dielectric properties
(2021) Gaeet Alfalah Latifa; Fahd Alousi
The effects of adding silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanowires on the properties of barium titanate (BaTiO3) were investigated. The structure, morphology and optical properties were examined using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry (DR). All of the prepared samples crystallized with a cubic BaTiO3 structure. When the SiO2 content was <2.0 wt%, no secondary phase was observed and the (BaTiO3)1–x/(SiO2)x samples exhibited a microstructure with small grains. However, Ba2TiSi2O8 was detected upon further increasing the SiO2 content. When compared to the pure BaTiO3 sample, a slight increase in the value was observed for the (BaTiO3)1–x/(SiO2)x composites. The dielectric and electrical measurements were used to analyze the dielectric constant (ε′), dissipation factor (tan(δ)), conductivity (σac) and impedance (Z). The results demonstrate that the addition of SiO2 nanowires affects the properties of BaTiO3. The study highlights the importance of SiO2 nanowires in BaTiO3 for use in microwave device applications.
YBCO superconductor added with one-dimensional TiO2 nanostructures: Frequency dependencies of AC susceptibility
(2021) Ahmed Taha Okash; Faten Ben Azzouz
This article reports the role of adding one-dimensional titanium dioxide nanowires (TiO2-NWs, having 30 nm in diameter and some micrometers in length) on FC-ZFC magnetization, frequency-dependent AC susceptibility, and electrical measurements of the YBCO bulk system. The non-added (A0) and added TiO2-NWs samples (A1) were prepared by solid-state reaction route. TiO2-NWs did not affect the crystalline structure of YBCO. SEM examinations revealed that TiO2-NWs preferred to localize at the grain boundaries filling the pores existing between YBCO grains. FC-ZFC magnetization and frequency-dependent AC susceptibility analysis showed an enhancement of flux pinning properties with TiO2-NWs addition. TiO2-NWs addition affected also the electrical and pseudo-gap analysis of the samples.
Structural and radiation shielding features for a new series of borate glass samples:partI
(2021) Mhareb, M. H. A.; Sayyed, M. I.; Alajerami, Y. S. M.; Alqahtani, Muna; Dwaikat, Nidal; Alsagry, Albandri M; Al-Yatimi, Mariam; Zakariah, Miaad
In this work, five glass samples with a composition (80 − x) B2O3–10ZnO–10CdO–x BaO, where (x = 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 mol%), were fabricated by a standard melt-quench method. The current glass composition structure was explored via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD pattern proves an absence of sharp peaks, affirming the amorphous nature of the prepared samples. FTIR spectrum within the range of 1650–400 cm−1 clarifies the functional groups’ existence and the variation in BO3 and BO4 with the addition of BaO. The obtained results show a direct relationship between the density and the BaO contents. In contrast, the relation between the BaO and Poisson’s ratio and packing density is inverse. The supplement of BaO to the glass system gradually drove to a slight reduction in glass stability. Furthermore, the mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ) was defined experimentally by using two sources (137Cs and 166Ho) with five energies (0.184, 0.280, 0.661, 0.710, and 0.810 MeV). This range of energy can be used in nuclear medicine fields. The excellent agreement between experimental and XCOM values is evident. Based on the experimental results, several radiation shielding properties, including linear attenuation coefficient, effective atomic number (Zeff), half-value layer, mean free path, and tenth value layer, were computed. The results indicate that the sample G5 has a superior photon shielding competence compared with other standard shielding materials. Lastly, it can conclude that the prepared glasses may be used in different sectors as a radiation shielding material.
The Antibacterial Effects of Resin-Based Dental Sealants: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies
(2021) Maha Ibrahim AlGhannam; Saeed AlShahrani Saad; Mana’a Saleh AlAbbas; Muath Abdulrahman AlRuwaili; Maria Ibrahim
This review aimed to assess the antimicrobial effects of different antibacterial agents/compounds incorporated in resin-based dental sealants. Four databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science and Scopus) were searched. From the 8052 records retrieved, 275 records were considered eligible for full-text screening. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Data extraction and quality assessment was performed by two independent reviewers. Six of the nineteen included studies were judged to have low risk of bias, and the rest had medium risk of bias. Compounds and particles such as zinc, tin, Selenium, chitosan, chlorhexidine, fluoride and methyl methacrylate were found to be effective in reducing the colony-forming unit counts, producing inhibition zones, reducing the optical density, reducing the metabolic activities, reducing the lactic acid and polysaccharide production and neutralizing the pH when they are added to the resin-based dental sealants. In addition, some studies showed that the antibacterial effect was not significantly different after 2 weeks, 2 months and 6 months aging in distilled water or phosphate-buffered saline. In conclusion, studies have confirmed the effectiveness of adding antibacterial agents/compounds to dental sealants. However, we should consider that these results are based on laboratory studies with a high degree of heterogeneity.
The Bond Strength of a Universal Adhesive System with Silane to Lithium Disilicates in Comparison with an Isolated Silane Coupling Agent
(2021) Danah Almaskin; Zahra Alzaher; Ahmad M. Al-Thobity; Ashwin C Shetty; Mohammed M. Gad; Masoumah Qaw
Purpose The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of different durations of silane coupling agent application compared to a universal adhesive system regarding the shear bond strength of two ceramic materials. Materials and Methods A total of 120 human molars were ground to the dentinal coronal third and then fixed into an acrylic resin holder. Lithium disilicate specimens were divided into two main groups according to the ceramic type: computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing IPS e.max CAD and heat-pressed Initial LiSi Press GC (dimensions of 4 x 3x 3 mm). Each main group was subdivided into 6 subgroups (n = 10) according to the duration of the silane and universal adhesive system application (20, 60, or 120 seconds) on the ceramic surface before cementation; then, the cementation procedures were performed. All specimens were subjected to 5000 thermal cycles at 5 and 55 degrees C before testing. The shear bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine. ANOVA and Scheffe post hoc test multiple comparisons tests were conducted (alpha = 0.05). Results The shear bond strength increased as the duration of the silane and universal adhesive system application increased. The highest bond value for each material was found for the silane application at 120 seconds, with a significant difference between 120 and 60, and 20 seconds for both e. max CAD and Initial LiSi materials (p = 0.029 and p < 0.001, respectively). No significant difference was found between 60 and 20 seconds when silane and universal adhesive system were applied for both e. max CAD and Initial LiSi materials (p = 0.169 and p = 0.120, respectively). All groups treated with the silane primer showed significantly higher values than the universal adhesive system for each application time (p < 0.001). Conclusion Increasing the duration of the silane coupling agent and universal adhesive system application to 120 seconds on the ceramic surface before cementation improved the shear bond strength of the ceramic-cement interface. Ceramic pretreatment with silane could be an essential step for bonding ceramic to dentin regardless of silane presence in the universal adhesive system.
Application and characterization of crude fungal lipases used to degrade fat and oil wastes
(2021) Alabdalall, Amira Hassan; Amira Alabdalall; Azzah Ibrahim Alghamdi; Amer, Fatma H. I.; Aldakheel, Fatimah A.; Fatma Hamza Ibrahim Amer; Alghamdi, Azzah I.; Al-Khaldi, Eida M.
Aspergillus niger MH078571.1 and A. niger MH079049.1 were identified previously as the two highest Aspergillus niger strains producing lipase. Biochemical characterizations of lipase activity and stability for these two strains were examined and revealed that the optimal temperature is 45 °C at pH 8for A. niger MH078571.1 and 55 °C for MH079049.1. The lipase production of both strains was studied on medium contains waste oil, as a cheap source to reduce the industrial cost, showed that the optimal incubation period for the enzyme production is 3 days. Moreover, an experiment on lipase activates in organic solvents demonstrated that 50% of acetone is the best solvent for the two strains. In the presence of surfactants, 0.1% of tween 80 surfactant showed the best lipase activities. Furthermore, Mg2+ and Zn2+ ions enhanced the lipase activity of A. niger MH078571.1, while Na2+ and Cu2+ enhanced the enzyme activity of A. niger MH079049.1. Lipase activity was also tested for industrial applications such as integrating it with different detergents. Maximum lipase activity was obtained with 1% of Omo as a powder detergent for both strains. In liquid detergent, 0.1% of Fairy showed maximum lipase activity in A. niger MH078571.1, while the lipase in A. niger MH079049.1 was more effective in 1% of Lux. Moreover, the degradation of natural animal fat with crude enzyme was tested using chicken and sheep fats. The results showed that more than 90% of fats degraded after 5 days of the incubation period.
Synergistic action of curcumin and cisplatin on spinel ferrite/hierarchical MCM-41 nanocomposite against MCF-7, HeLa and HCT 116 cancer cell line
(2021) Nora Khalid AlSudairi; Atheel Awad Almofleh; Tahani M. Alfareed; Vijaya Ravinayagam; Rubavathi Marimuthu
Background: Platinum-based drugs are widely used in cancer therapy, but are known for toxic side effects and resistance. Combinational drug delivery represents an effective chemotherapeutic strategy, but often leads to an increased toxicity. Aim of this study is to test the co-delivery of cisplatin with natural antioxidants on hierarchial porous large surface area hexagonal nanocarriers for synergistic action. Results: A series of structured mesoporous materials were impregnated with magnetic spinel ferrite (30% CuFe2O4) and then coated with curcumin (25% wt/wt). Mesosilicalite and MCM-41 with high curcumin release abilities were functionalized with cisplatin (5% wt/wt) for synergistic effect of combinational drugs. The cytotoxic efficiency of our nanocomposites was tested on cell viability of MCF7 (human breast cancer), human cervical cancer (HeLa), colorectal cancer (HCT116), and HFF (human foreskin fibroblasts) cell lines using the MTT cell viability assay. At a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml, CuFe2O4/mesosilicalite/curcumin/cisplatin resulted in 89.53% reduction in viability in MCF7, 94.03% in HeLa, 64% in HCT116 and 87% in HFF; whereas, CuFe2O4/MCM-41/curcumin/cisplatin resulted in 76% reduction in viability in MCF7, 64.46% in HeLa, 64% in HCT116 and 24% in HFF. The EC50 for CuFe2O4/mesosilicalite/curcumin/cisplatin was 81.23 mu g/ml in MCF7, 47.55 pg/ml in HeLa, 48.96 mu g/ml in HCT116 and 76.83 mu g/ml in HFF. The EC50 for CuFe2O4/MCM-41/curcumin/cisplatin was 72.51 mu g/ml in MCF7, 58.6 mu g/ml in HeLa, 62.58 mu g/ml in HCT116 and 154.2 mu g/ml in HFF. Furthermore, cells treated with both nanocomposites had a high number of cleaved Caspase 3-positive cells suggesting that the reduction in cell viability was triggered by activating the apoptotic signaling pathway. Conclusion: Our results show that CuFe2O4/MCM-41/curcumin/cisplatin is a better candidate for combinational drug therapy due to its lowest EC50 value and the wider difference in EC50 (a fold change) between cancerous and non-cancerous cell line.
Effectiveness of Using Thinking Maps Through the Edmodo Network to Develop Achievement and Mathematical Connections Skills Among Middle School Students
(2021) Mansour Saleh Alabdulaziz; Ali Alhammadi
This research aimed to measure the effectiveness of using thinking maps through the Edmodo network to develop achievement and mathematical connections skills among middle school students. One of the most important and major problems in education is reduced levels of academic achievement among students generally and in mathematics specifically. This is having a negative impact on academic outcomes. As mentioned in statement of the problem, several studies have identified weaknesses in academic achievement in mathematics. The results and recommendations of previous studies have referred to the effectiveness of thinking maps in developing numerous variables. Previous studies have identified weaknesses in mathematical connections skills. No Arabic studies have addressed the effectiveness of thinking maps through the Edmodo network in developing achievement and mathematical connections skills among middle school students. The participants were a purposive sample of 102 second-year middle school students. These were divided into two groups: experimental (n = 49) and control (n = 53). To achieve the research objectives, the experimental approach in its quasiexperimental design was adopted with (pre-post) measurement for both groups. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).
Characteristics of Medico-Legal Cases and Errors in Medico-Legal Reports at a Teaching Hospital in Saudi Arabia
(2021) Abdullah Ahmed Alqarzaie; Saleh mohammed alqarzea; Khalid Mohammed Alhajri; Rashed saeed alzahrani; Faisal Fahad Alzahrani Mohammed Madadin Mohammed al jumaan
Introduction: A medico-legal case (MLC) involves any injury or medical condition in which law enforcement agencies investigate and fix the responsibility regarding of an injury or medical condition. Incorrect or incomplete medico-legal reports (MLRs) may trigger a pause or delay in legal proceedings and patients' rights could be violated. The aim of this study is to describe the characteristics of MLCs and to identify errors in the MLRs. Materials and Methods: This retrospective, descriptive study was conducted in a teaching hospital in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. In total, 418 MLRs furnished during a 6-month period and reviewed for characteristics of MLCs and identification of errors. Results: A total of 418 MLRs were included in the present study. Fights or physical assault and battery formed the major proportion of MLCs amounting to 83% of MLCs. Blunt injury was the dominant type of injury in most of the cases (81.8%). In relation to errors in MLRs, no MLR in the present study were without errors. Conclusion: Fights or physical assault and battery formed the major proportion of MLCs. Multiple errors were identified in the MLRs furnished by the physicians. Writing MLRs must follow standardized guidelines as it has a bearing on legal proceedings and patients' rights. We recommend training for physicians in writing MLRs in the interest of proper administration of justice.
Quantitative elemental analysis of nutritional
(2021) Reem Khalid AlDakheel
Rhatany roots (RRs) have been used in indigenous systems of medicines to treat many common illnesses due to the presence of highly active astringent and antiviral biochemical constituents that possess strong therapeutic and pharmacological properties. Due to its widespread use, the accurate knowledge on the elemental composition of this medicinal plant can set a pharmacological research platform to investigate the effect of certain elements, and their ions in mediating the human metabolism and therapy. In this work calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (CF-LIBS) is used to detect the elements present in RRs sample, by analyzing the characteristic emission wavelengths and their respective intensities in the laser induced plasma, without the need for using any calibration standards or methods. Many nutritional elements, which are of human health significance and instrumental in mediating the established biological activities of RRs, were identified in a relative abundance. In addition to this, our analysis identified the trace level of a few toxic elements, whose overdose due to reckless intake wreaks havoc to human health and wellbeing. The reliability of qualitative and quantitative detection of the elements in RR by LIBS were validated by the standard inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP OES), the results of which are in good agreement with LIBS data with better relative accuracy. Also, in order to discriminate, and single out any two elements with the overlapping emission wavelength in LIBS, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was also carried out, which in its own right is in good agreement with the elemental analysis of LIBS in general.
Cough Sound Detection and Diagnosis Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques: Challenges and Opportunities
(2021) Alqudaihi K.S. and Aslam N. and Kha I.U. and Almuhaide A.M. and Alsunaidi S.J. and Ibrahim N.M.A.R. and Alhaidari F.A. and Shaikh F.S. and Alsenbel Y.M. and Alalharith D.M. and Alharthi H.M. and Alghamdi W.M. and Alshahrani M.S.; Shikah J. Alsunaidi; Yasmine M. Alsenbel; Dima M. Alalharith; Hajar M. Alharthi; WEJDAN M. ALGHAMDI; Nida Aslam; Irfan Ullah Khan; Abdullah M. Almuhaideb; Nehad M. Ibrahim; Fahd A. Alhaidari; Fatema S. Shaikh; Mohammed S. Alshahrani
Coughing is a common symptom of several respiratory diseases. The sound and type of cough are useful features to consider when diagnosing a disease. Respiratory infections pose a significant risk to human lives worldwide as well as a significant economic downturn, particularly in countries with limited therapeutic resources. In this study we reviewed the latest proposed technologies that were used to control the impact of respiratory diseases. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a promising technology that aids in data analysis and prediction of results, thereby ensuring people’s well-being. We conveyed that the cough symptom can be reliably used by AI algorithms to detect and diagnose different types of known diseases including pneumonia, pulmonary edema, asthma, tuberculosis (TB), COVID19, pertussis, and other respiratory diseases. We also identified different techniques that produced the best results for diagnosing respiratory disease using cough samples. This study presents the most recent challenges, solutions, and opportunities in respiratory disease detection and diagnosis, allowing practitioners and researchers to develop better techniques.
Nutritional and toxic elemental analysis of dry fruits using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES),
(2021) I. Rehan; M.A. Gondal; M.A. Almessiere; R.A. Dakheel; K. Rehan; S. Sultana; M.A. Dastageer
Quantitative investigation of essential and trace heavy elements present in health-beneficial dry fruits (Pistachio, Almonds, Black walnut, White walnut, and Cashew) was investigated using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. For an accurate elemental exposure using LIBS technique, the local thermo-dynamical equilibrium of the laser induced plasma was established and verified using McWhirter criterion based on the electron number density in the plasma. Earlier to engage, our LIBS detector was optimized. For quantification of elements, standard calibration curves (CC)-LIBS method was applied. Using our LIBS system, the nutritional elements such as Al, Mg, Ca, Fe, K, Zn, and Na and toxins like Pb, Cr, and Cu were detected in dry fruits. The elemental quantification of dry fruit contents were validated using standard (ICP-AES) method and the relative accuracy of our experimental setup in comparison to ICP approach was in the ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 at 2.5-% error confidence.
Early diagnosis of thyroid cancer diseases using computational intelligence techniques: A case study of a Saudi Arabian dataset
(2021) Sarah Alotaibi; Ebtisam Almutairi; Zainab Alrabae; Yasmeen Almajid; Rahaf Altabee; Sunday O. Olatunji; Mona Altassan; Mohammd Imran B. Ahmed; Mehwash Farooqui; Jamal Alhiyafi
In recent times, researchers have noticed that chronic diseases have become more common. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the number of patients with thyroid cancer (TC) has become a concern, necessitating a proactive system that can help cut down the incidence of this disease, where the system can assist in early interventions to prevent or cure the disease. In this paper, we introduce our work developing machine learning-based tools that can serve as early warning systems by detecting TC at very early stages (pre-symptomatic stage). In addition, we aimed at obtaining the greatest possible accuracy while using fewer features. It must be noted that while there have been past efforts to use machine learning in predicting TC, this is the first attempt using a Saudi Arabian dataset as well as targeting diagnosis in the pre-symptomatic stage (pre-emptive diagnosis). The techniques used in this work include random forest (RF), artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), and naأ¯ve Bayes (NB), each of which was selected for their unique capabilities. The highest accuracy rate obtained was 90.91% with the RF technique, while SVM, ANN, and NB achieved 84.09%, 88.64%, and 81.82% accuracy, respectively. These levels were obtained by using only seven features out of an available 15. Considering the pattern of the obtained results, it is clear that the RF technique is better and, hence, recommended for this specific problem.
Cosmetic surgeries and procedures among youth in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study of undergraduate university students in the Eastern Province
(2021) Abeer Adel AlShamlan; Abdullah Zuhair Al -Sahow; Bayan Mohammed Almir; Nouf A AlShamlan; Reem S AlOmar; Wejdan M Aljohani; Abdullatif K Althunyan; Sameerah Motabgani
Purpose of the study To assess the attitudes and acceptance of cosmetic surgeries and procedures among undergraduate university students in the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, as well as the barriers against having cosmetic surgeries and procedures.Study design A cross-sectional study of undergraduate university students in the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, during October 2020. The research instrument included the Attitudes towards Cosmetic Surgery Scale (ACSS), sociodemographic data and perceived barriers towards cosmetic surgeries and procedures. A bivariate analysis was performed followed by a linear regression to account for confounders.Results A total of 1240 students participated in the study. The mean ACSS for cosmetic surgeries was 3.14 ({\textpm}1.37 SD), and 3.25 ({\textpm}1.49 SD) for cosmetic procedures. Older students, students with a history of previous cosmetic surgeries/procedures, and students with engineering specialties had more acceptance scores in both cosmetic surgeries and procedures. On the other hand, men, students belonging to a middle family income and students who perceived themselves to be aware of the risk associated with cosmetic surgeries/procedures had less acceptance scores. The most reported barrier to have cosmetic surgeries and procedures among students was feeling that they do not need it.Conclusion The findings from the current study could help dermatologists, plastic surgeons and adolescent specialists wishing to recognise the rising interest in cosmetic surgeries and procedures in Arabic youth populations, the possible associated factors, as well as the barriers to have these surgeries and procedures. A further qualitative in-depth study to explore the acceptance is suggested.
Characteristics of visits and predictors of admission from a paediatric emergency room in Saudi Arabia
(2021) Kawthar M. Alsawad; Fatimah Y. Altaweel; Kawther S. Altaweel; Roaya A. AlQunais; Fatima A. Alsubaie; Mohammad H. Al-Qahtani; Abdullah A. Yousef; Bassam H. Awary; Waleed H. Albuali; Mohammed A. Al Ghamdi; Reem AlOmar; Nouf AlShamlan; Haneen Yousef; Sameerah Motabgani; Naheel AlAmer; Malak Al Shammari
Background: The Emergency Repartment (ER) is one of the most used areas in healthcare institutions. Problems with over utilisation and overcrowding have been reported worldwide. This study aims at examining the characteristics of paediatric ER visits, the rate of hospital admissions and its associated predictors at King Fahd Hospital of the University in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a retrospective, medical record-based study. Variables included gender, age group, nationality, complaints, Triage level, shifts and seasons. Descriptive statistics were reported as frequencies/percentages. P-values were obtained through a Chi-Squared test while unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios were estimated by binary logistic regression, where admission was considered as the outcome. Results: The total number of paediatric patients included was 46,374, and only 2.5% were admitted. Males comprised 55.4% while females comprised 44.6%. The most common age group were toddlers, and 92.4% of the total sample were Saudis. The most common complaint was fever (26.9%) followed by respiratory symptoms (24.9%). Only 7 patients (0.02%) were classified as triage I (Resuscitation), and most were triage IV (Less urgent) (71.0%). Most visits occurred during the winter months. Adjusted ORs showed that neonates had higher odds of admission (OR = 3.85, 95%CI = 2.57–5.76). Moreover, those presenting with haematological conditions showed an OR of 65.49 (95%CI = 47.85–89.64), followed by endocrine conditions showing an OR of 34.89 (95%CI = 23.65–51.47). Triage I had a very high odds of admission (OR = 19.02, 95%CI = 2.70–133.76), whereas triage V was associated with a very low odds of admission (OR = 0.30, 95%CI = 0.23–0.38). Conclusions: A low rate of hospital admission was found in comparison with other rates worldwide. This was mostly attributed to an alarmingly high number of non-urgent ER visits. This further emphasises the problem with improper use of ER services, as these cases should be more appropriately directed towards primary healthcare centres. Further studies to examine the impact of prioritising patients in the ER based on the identified predictors of hospital admission, in addition to the standard triage system, are suggested.

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