كلية طب الأسنان||College of Dentistry

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The Antibacterial Effects of Resin-Based Dental Sealants: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies
(2021) Maha Ibrahim AlGhannam; Saeed AlShahrani Saad; Mana’a Saleh AlAbbas; Muath Abdulrahman AlRuwaili; Maria Ibrahim
This review aimed to assess the antimicrobial effects of different antibacterial agents/compounds incorporated in resin-based dental sealants. Four databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science and Scopus) were searched. From the 8052 records retrieved, 275 records were considered eligible for full-text screening. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Data extraction and quality assessment was performed by two independent reviewers. Six of the nineteen included studies were judged to have low risk of bias, and the rest had medium risk of bias. Compounds and particles such as zinc, tin, Selenium, chitosan, chlorhexidine, fluoride and methyl methacrylate were found to be effective in reducing the colony-forming unit counts, producing inhibition zones, reducing the optical density, reducing the metabolic activities, reducing the lactic acid and polysaccharide production and neutralizing the pH when they are added to the resin-based dental sealants. In addition, some studies showed that the antibacterial effect was not significantly different after 2 weeks, 2 months and 6 months aging in distilled water or phosphate-buffered saline. In conclusion, studies have confirmed the effectiveness of adding antibacterial agents/compounds to dental sealants. However, we should consider that these results are based on laboratory studies with a high degree of heterogeneity.
The Bond Strength of a Universal Adhesive System with Silane to Lithium Disilicates in Comparison with an Isolated Silane Coupling Agent
(2021) Danah Almaskin; Zahra Alzaher; Ahmad M. Al-Thobity; Ashwin C Shetty; Mohammed M. Gad; Masoumah Qaw
Purpose The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of different durations of silane coupling agent application compared to a universal adhesive system regarding the shear bond strength of two ceramic materials. Materials and Methods A total of 120 human molars were ground to the dentinal coronal third and then fixed into an acrylic resin holder. Lithium disilicate specimens were divided into two main groups according to the ceramic type: computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing IPS e.max CAD and heat-pressed Initial LiSi Press GC (dimensions of 4 x 3x 3 mm). Each main group was subdivided into 6 subgroups (n = 10) according to the duration of the silane and universal adhesive system application (20, 60, or 120 seconds) on the ceramic surface before cementation; then, the cementation procedures were performed. All specimens were subjected to 5000 thermal cycles at 5 and 55 degrees C before testing. The shear bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine. ANOVA and Scheffe post hoc test multiple comparisons tests were conducted (alpha = 0.05). Results The shear bond strength increased as the duration of the silane and universal adhesive system application increased. The highest bond value for each material was found for the silane application at 120 seconds, with a significant difference between 120 and 60, and 20 seconds for both e. max CAD and Initial LiSi materials (p = 0.029 and p < 0.001, respectively). No significant difference was found between 60 and 20 seconds when silane and universal adhesive system were applied for both e. max CAD and Initial LiSi materials (p = 0.169 and p = 0.120, respectively). All groups treated with the silane primer showed significantly higher values than the universal adhesive system for each application time (p < 0.001). Conclusion Increasing the duration of the silane coupling agent and universal adhesive system application to 120 seconds on the ceramic surface before cementation improved the shear bond strength of the ceramic-cement interface. Ceramic pretreatment with silane could be an essential step for bonding ceramic to dentin regardless of silane presence in the universal adhesive system.
Association between Periodontal Disease and Comorbidities in Saudi's Eastern Province
(2021) Nabras Alrayes; Norah AlQahtani; Marwa Madi; Hatem Abuohashish; Subraya Bhat; Dina Attia; Verica Pavlic
The incidence of periodontal diseases is associated with multiple comorbidities that influence a patient’s treatment planning. This study evaluates the relation between periodontal disease and multiple comorbidities reported in the Saudi population from the Eastern province. This study was conducted on 190 patients, who visited the periodontology clinics at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Demographic data, smoking habits, past medical and dental histories, blood pressure, random blood glucose, and recent haemoglobin A1c were recorded. A comprehensive periodontal examination included the number of missing teeth, pocket depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and mobility of all teeth except third molars. Radiographic bone loss was measured on standardized full-mouth periapical radiographs. Multivariable regression models were calculated aiming to see the association between different comorbidities and alveolar bone loss with confounders controlled. Out of 190 periodontitis patients, 56 (29.5%) were males and 134 (70.5%) were females. More than half of the patients (60%) were between 26 and 50 years, 30% of them had diabetes, and 18% were smokers. The risk of alveolar bone loss was higher in persons who had diabetes and those who had both diabetes and coronary heart disease than those who did not, although the association was not statistically significant (, , 2.82, and , , 6.96, respectively). The risk of alveolar bone loss was significantly higher among persons with diabetes and hypertension ( and , 4.75). Collectively, the risk of alveolar bone loss in periodontitis patients increases with diabetes in the presence of other comorbidities regardless of smoking or gender.
Pattern of dental needs and advice on Twitter during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia
(2021) K. S. B. Al-Khalifa, Eman; Halawany, Hassan S.; Alabdurubalnabi, Esraa M.; Ashwin C. Shetty; Shetty, Ashwin C.; Sadaf, Shazia
To compare and evaluate the influence of the COVID-19 outbreak on tweets related to dental treatment needs and advice of Saudi Twitter users in 2020 by comparing them to the same time-period in 2019.
Periodontal risk assessment in a teaching hospital population in Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province
(2021) Nabras Alrayes; Hend Alshammary; Marwa Madi; Intisar Ahmad Siddiqui; Deamah Aleisa; Khalid Almas; Ahmed Mahmoud El Akel; Afsheen Tabassum
Objective: With this cross-sectional study, we aimed to evaluate factors associated with moderate and high risk of periodontal disease (PD) progression in the Saudi population. Methods: We reviewed 281 patients' clinical charts from predoctoral periodontal clinics at the dental teaching hospital in the College of Dentistry (COD) at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU) in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. After obtaining ethical approval, we determined the Periodontal Risk Assessment (PRA) of the included patients based on the modified criteria developed by Lang and Tonetti (2003). We used logistic regression on stratified data and divided the results into two categories (low-moderate and high risk) to assess the effect modifier for potential risk factors. We used SPSS version 22 for data analysis, and considered a P-value <= 0.05 to be statistically significant. Results: Out of the 281 patients, 104 (37.0%) were male and 177 (63.0%) were female, with a mean age of 39.9 +/- 14.0 years; 78.1% were Saudi nationals, 77% were married, and 44.6% were in the age group of 30 to 49. The PRA revealed 86 (30.5%) to represent high risk, 108 (38.3%) denoted moderate risk, and 88 (31.2%) signaled low risk for periodontitis. Logistic regression analysis showed that males were three times more likely to have high PRA (OR = 3.24) and to be married (OR = 2.77), as well as to be active smokers (OR = 8.87). The highest predictive factors of high PRA were 8 or more pockets >= 5 mm (OR = 29.0), those with active diabetes mellitus (DM; OR = 10.2), and those with 8 or more missing teeth (OR = 9.15). Conclusion: Saudi males who are married and have residual periodontal pockets, are actively diabetic, and with missing teeth are at high risk of PD. Further research is needed with a larger sample size comparing the general population with and without PD. (C) 2021 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
Impact of ZrO2 nanoparticles addition on flexural properties of denture base resin with different thickness
(2021) S. A. A. Albasarah, H.Alaseef, N.al-Qarni, F. D.Akhtar, S.Khan, S. Q.Ateeq, I. S.Gad, M. M.; Hanan Al Abdulghani; Nawarah Alaseef; Faisal D. al-Qarni; Soban Q. Khan; Mohammed Gad; Ijlal Shahrukh Ateeq
PURPOSE. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of incorporating zirconium oxide nanoparticles (nano-ZrO2) in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) denture base resin on flexural properties at different material thicknesses. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Heat polymerized acrylic resin specimens (N = 120) were fabricated and divided into 4 groups according to denture base thickness (2.5 mm, 2.0 mm, 1.5 mm, 1.0 mm). Each group was subdivided into 3 subgroups (n = 10) according to nano-ZrO2 concentration (0%, 2.5%, and 5%). Flexural strength and elastic modulus were evaluated using a three-point bending test. One-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc, and two-way ANOVA were used for data analysis (alpha = .05). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for fracture surface analysis and nanoparticles distributions. RESULTS. Groups with 0% nano-ZrO2 showed no significant difference in the flexural strength as thickness decreased (P = .153). The addition of nano-zirconia significantly increased the flexural strength (P < .001). The highest value was with 5% nano-ZrO2 and 2 mm-thickness (125.4 +/- 18.3 MPa), followed by 5% nano-ZrO2 and 1.5 mm-thickness (110.3 +/- 8.5 MPa). Moreover, the effect of various concentration levels on elastic modulus was statistically significant for 2 mm thickness (P = .001), but the combined effect of thickness and concentration on elastic modulus was insignificant (P = .10). CONCLUSION. Reinforcement of denture base material with nano-ZrO2 significantly increased flexural strength and modulus of elasticity. Reducing material thickness did not decrease flexural strength when nano-ZrO2 was incorporated. In clinical practice, when low thickness of denture base material is indicated, PMMA/nano-ZrO2 could be used with minimum acceptable thickness of 1.5 mm.
Dental Care in the Arab Countries During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Infodemiological Study
(2021) Yasmeen Yahya Muazen; Alsahafi, Y. A.; Alkhalifa, A.; Shazia Sadaf; Ashwin C Shetty; Muazen, Y. Y.; Shetty, A. C.
BACKGROUND: Twitter is a powerful platform which could be used to reflect on the demand and supply of dental services during a pandemic. The aim of this study was to examine the nature and dissemination of COVID-19 information related to dentistry on Twitter platform Arabic database during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODOLOGY: One hundred and fifty independent searches with a combination of keywords for both COVID-19 and dentistry from a preselected Arabic keyword were carried out for the period from the 2nd of March (first confirmed cases of COVID-19) to the 6th of July 2020. Tweets were filtered to remove duplicate and unrelated tweets. The suitable tweets were 1,150. After calibration, two examiners coded the tweets following two main themes: COVID-19 and oral health-related information. Tweets were then compared with COVID-19 daily events in the Arab countries as reported by the World Health Organization (WHO). Descriptive analysis was performed to present the overview of the findings using Microsoft Excel. RESULTS: The most retweeted information was the help with urgent consultation or emergency dental treatment during COVID-19 tweeted by a dentist. There were 673 retweets and 1,116 likes of this tweet. The most common tweets related to oral health were needs of dental treatment (n=462, 39.5%) of which, toothaches or wisdom tooth problems constituted 48% of the related tweets. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, it is obvious that social media users reacted to the COVID-19 threat to dental practices. Twitter as one of the social media platforms served as a connection between dental health professionals and patients.
Effect of CAD/CAM Ceramic Thickness on Shade Masking Ability of Discolored Teeth: In Vitro Study
(2021) Maher AlGhamdi; Abdulrahman aljeraisy; Passent Ellakany‏; Marwa Madi; Adel Alagl
Shade matching is a common challenge that dentists face during fabrication of esthetic dental restoration. Thus, the aim of the current study was to assess the masking ability of two types of CAD/CAM ceramics for gaining high esthetic prosthesis. This in vitro study used a total sample size of 66 lithium disilicate (LD) and leucite reinforced (LR) CAD/CAM ceramics sub-grouped into three thicknesses: 0.5, 1, and 1.5 mm. Nine shades of natural dentin die materials were prepared as a replica of the underlying tooth structure. The difference in color (Delta E) and translucency parameter (TP) were assessed for both tested ceramics at the three thicknesses. One-way ANOVA was performed to compare the three thicknesses of each ceramic, followed by multiple pairwise comparisons between both ceramics. LR had significantly higher Delta E than LD at all thicknesses used unlike the case in TP. Thickness of 0.5 mm exhibited the highest Delta E and TP, while 1.5 mm thickness showed the lowest Delta E and TP in both ceramics. Increase in ceramic thickness had a great impact on both color masking ability of the underlying tooth structure and its translucency. The higher the ceramic thickness, the better the masking ability and the lower the translucency was reported.
Evaluation of Bacterial Leakage in Platform-Switching Dental Implant with Morse Taper Connection Under Thermocycling and Loading Effects: In Vitro Study
(2021) Alanoud Adel Albarrak; Passent Ellakany; Mohamed Amr Aly Mahrous Ghanem; Doaa Mostafa Al Eraky; Shiamaa Mohammad Fouda; Reem AlJindan
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to test in vitro the bacterial microleakage at the Morse taper implant-abutment connection with switched platform subjected to functional load and thermocycling. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 48 Morse taper implant-abutment connections with switched platforms (12 implants per group) were used. The abutments were attached to implants and presented in four groups: group 1, control; group 2, subjected to thermocycling; group 3, subjected to cyclic compressive loading; and group 4, subjected to thermocycling and cyclic compressive loading. All groups were then inoculated in Eppendorf tubes including three types of bacterial suspensions: Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa for 7 and 14 days to detect possibility of bacterial infiltration from outside to the internal chamber of the implant. RESULTS: Implants not exposed to cyclic loading and thermocycling (group 1) and those exposed to thermocycling (group 2) exhibited no infiltration of E faecalis, S aureus, and P aeruginosa from outside to the inner chamber of the implant, while infiltration of P aeruginosa was only observed in implants subjected to cyclic loading only (group 3) and those subjected to cyclic loading in conjunction with thermocycling (group 4). CONCLUSION: Microbial leakage at the implant-abutment connection is influenced by the applied load alone and in combination with thermocycling; however, E faecalis and S aureus did not leak at the implant-abutment connection even under these circumstances. Only P aeruginosa infiltrated inside the implant-abutment connection, which might be caused by its swarming motility.
Sex Differences in Oral Health and the Consumption of Sugary Diets in a Saudi Arabian Population
(2021) Adel Alkhaldi; Balgis Osman Gaffar; Khalifa S.Al-Khalifa
Background and Purpose: Adolescence is a crucial period for developing healthy lifestyle and dietary habits. The growing consumption of high-sugar foods and beverages constitutes a serious public health concern. The aim of this study was to evaluate sex differences in the consumption of a sugary diet and oral health among Saudi adolescents. Subjects and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Eastern Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between January and February 2019. A multistage sampling technique was used to recruit 2265 middle-school children aged 12-16 years. Data were collected via the Food Frequency Questionnaire and via an oral health examination, using the WHO criteria. The chi-squared test, Student's t-test, and Mann-Whitney U-test were used to investigate the associations between the study variables. Results: The most consumed foods and beverages reported were water, juices, and biscuits (90%), while the least consumed were energy drinks and jams. A significant difference was found between males and females in the frequency of consumed sugary foods (P=0.01) and the quantity of consumed sugary beverages (P=0.000); males over all consumption were greater than their counterpart. However, no differences were found between sexes in the frequency of sugary drink consumption (P=0.2). The decayed-missing-filled index score was significantly higher in females (4.29 +/- 3.44) than in males (3.61 +/- 3.14; P=0.001). The mean plaque index among males and females was 1.72 (+/- 0.79) and 1.20 (+/- 0.78), respectively, while the mean gingival index was 1.31 (+/- 0.77) in males and 0.69 (+/- 0.73) in females-a statistically significant difference (P=0.001). Conclusion: Sex differences were found in sugary diet consumption and oral health status. Thus, policy makers are encouraged to consider sex-based differences when planning preventative programs and initiatives. Nevertheless, further research is needed on the dietary intake patterns of young adults.
Dental Fear and Patient Preference for Emergency Dental Treatment Among Adults in COVID-19 Quarantine Centers in Dammam, Saudi Arabia
(2021) Muhammad Nazir; Khalid S Almulhim; Ziyad AlDaamah; Salman AlGhamdi; Mohammed Sallout; Salman Bubshite; Jehan Alhumaid
Purpose: Dental fear is associated with the avoidance of dental visits and negative oral health outcomes. It is important to assess distribution of dental fear and preference for emergency dental treatment among adult population during COVID-19. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate dental fear and emergency dental treatment among adults in COVID-19 quarantine centers in Greater Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: Male and female adults (N=606) in quarantine centers for COVID-19 participated in this cross-sectional study (June-July 2020). Dental Fear Survey was used to collect data on dental fear. The participants also provided their responses about emergency dental treatment/dental attendance patterns in addition to demographic information. Results: The mean DFS score of the sample was 39.08 +/- 19.47, and 23.1% of the participants were a little fearful and 22.6% were highly fearful. About 36.8% reported that they would prefer to visit a dental office in case of dental emergency mostly for dental pain and fractured tooth during the COVID-19 pandemic. Only 10.4% of the participants reported visiting a dentist in less than 3 months, 35.8% in less than 6 months, 52.5% between 6 and 12 months and more, and 1.3% never visited the dentist. DFS scores significantly differed among participants who visited the dentist in less than 3 months (31.86 +/- 14.57), less than 6 months (37.70 +/- 18.57), between 6 and 12 months and more (40.78 +/- 20.23), and never visited the dentist (65.75 +/- 14.74) (P < 0.001). The timing of last dental visit (P < 0.001), female gender (P 0.039), and dental pain (P < 0.001) were the significant predictors of dental fear. Conclusion: Dental fear was common among adults with a predilection for the female gender. Increased dental fear was significantly related to dental pain and reduced dental attendance. Only one-third of adults were willing to perform emergency dental visits.
Flexural Strength, Elastic Modulus and Remineralizing Abilities of Bioactive Resin-Based Dental Sealants
(2022) Mana’a Saleh AlAbbas; Khalid U. Alsomaly; Abdullah Ali AlMansour; Ahmed A. Asseri; Majed M. Alzahrani; Maria Salem Ibrahim; Jehan AlHumaid
Objective: To assess the remineralizing abilities and compare the flexural strength and elastic modulus of different bioactive pit and fissure sealants. Materials and Methods: Human enamel samples were randomly and blindly sealed with one of the following bioactive materials: BioCoat (Bc), ACTIVA KIDS (Av) and BeautiSealant (Bu). Seal-it (Si) was used as a non-bioactive sealant beside a control blank (B) group with no sealant. The sealed samples were subjected to a pH-cycling model (7 days of demineralization–remineralization cycles). The enamel surface hardness change (SHC), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and polarized light microscopy were used to assess the remineralizing abilities of the studied sealants. Flexural strength and elastic modulus were also assessed following the ISO 4049 protocols. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the results. Results: Bc sealant showed the highest FS and EM (p < 0.05). The contact with Bc and Bu sealants showed significantly lower %SHL (p < 0.05) in comparison to the other. These findings were supported by the results of SEM-EDX and polarized imaging by showing higher percentages of calcium and phosphate ions with the former sealants and thinner demineralized enamel bands. Conclusion: In this study, Bc showed the highest flexural strength. Bc and Bu sealants outperformed the other studied sealants in terms of their remineralization abilities.
Tobacco Use and Cessation Counseling among Dental Professionals in Saudi Arabia
(2022) Aljubran, Hussain; Alkoudemi, Mohammed; Mustafa Althunayan; Aljeraisy, Abdulrahman; Asiri, Amal; Muhammad Nazir
The study aimed to assess the prevalence of tobacco use among dental professionals and their attitudes and behaviors about tobacco cessation counseling in Saudi Arabia. A total of 359 male and female dental professionals participated in this cross-sectional study. A pretested self-administered questionnaire was administered among study participants by visiting dental hospitals and clinics in Saudi Arabia. In the study, 15.9% of the participants were current tobacco users and 50.4% had a tobacco user at home or the workplace. Most participants reported that tobacco use is associated with bad breath (88.9%), oral cancer (88.3%), dryness of the mouth (80.8%), and bad taste (79.9%). Most participants asked patients about their tobacco habits (86.6%), mentioned tobacco habits in patient records (71.3%), and explained the benefits of quitting tobacco (79.9%). Less than half the sample (47.1%) referred patients to tobacco quitting services/programs. Male gender (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 5.50, 95% CI 2.48–12.23, p < 0.001), having a tobacco user at home/the workplace (AOR 3.18, 95% CI 1.57–6.45, p 0.001), and believing that tobacco cessation counseling was a waste of time (AOR 2.32, 95% CI 1.13–4.76, p 0.021) were associated with significantly increased odds of tobacco use among dental professionals. The study concluded that tobacco use was common among dental professionals despite their awareness of the adverse effects of tobacco. Reduction in tobacco use and promotion of counseling skills among dental professionals should be achieved through public health measures.
Canine impaction classification from panoramic dental radiographic images using deep learning models
(2022) Reem Alqarawi; Reem Alfehaid; Min-Allah, Nasro; Alhuthayfi, Jawaher; Leena Alghamdi; Sumayh S. Aljameel; Alfehaid, Reem; Alqarawi, Reem; Alhareky, Muhanad; Suliman Shahin; Al Turki, Walaa
Maxillary canine impaction is a condition that commonly occurs in growing individuals with malocclusion, and identifying its type is always challenging for dentists when determining whether the patient needs a surgical intervention. To avoid severe complications, it should be detected and treated as early as possible. Classifying the type of the canine impaction from panoramic dental radiograph requires precise measurements and expensive training, which is time-consuming. The automation of this procedure could support dentists’ decision-making and save time and effort. Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques including Machine Leaning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) allow researchers to extract useful insights from data and thus improve decision-making. In this research, we apply DL technologies to classify impacted canines based on the Yamamoto classification. Four deep learning models were developed to classify the type of canine impaction from panoramic dental radiographic images: DenseNet-121, VGG-16, Inception V3, and ResNet-50. The results show that Inception V3 outperforms the other classifiers, with an accuracy of 0.9259. The proposed model could help dentists by automating the canine impaction prediction process, which not only reduce time and effort for dentists but also make the process easier and more reliable.
Students’ Awareness of the Role of Phonetics in Construction of Removable Dental Prostheses: A Questionnaire-Based Cross-Sectional Study
(2022) Abualsaud, Reem; Zahra Alzaher; Qaw, Masoumah S.; Almaskin, Danah F.; Ahmad M. Al-Thobity; Soban Q. Khan; Gad, Mohammed M.
Phonetics plays a major role in the fabrication of prostheses. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of students regarding the role of phonetics in denture fabrication and to improve the educational process and the clinical application. The study was conducted at the College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, and involved a survey of 344 dental students and interns. The questionnaire contained 20 questions and was divided into three sections: general knowledge, clinical correlations, and clinical evaluations. The data were collected and analyzed statistically using independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey’s post hoc tests. The response rate was 100%. Male and female students only differed significantly in terms of their scores for answers to general knowledge questions, with females achieving better results (p = 0.023). General knowledge varied significantly between fourth-year students and all other levels (p < 0.001), and fifth-year students and interns (p = 0.027). The clinical correlations varied significantly between fourth-year students and interns (p = 0.01), whereas the clinical evaluations varied between all the academic years and interns (fourth-year, p < 0.001; fifth-year, p = 0.003; and sixth-year, p = 0.017). The interns obtained the highest scores in all sections. There was a lack of awareness among dental students of some aspects of the role of phonetics in denture fabrication. The study highlights the deficiencies that need to be addressed and the need for adjustments to the curriculum related to removable prosthodontics in order to improve the knowledge of students regarding the role of speech in denture fabrication.
Effect of Printing Orientation and Postcuring Time on the Flexural Strength of 3D-Printed Resins
(2022) Al-Dulaijan, Yousif A.; Alsulaimi, Leenah; Areej Alboainain; Soban Q. Khan; Akhtar, Sultan; Khan, Soban Q.; Maram Al-Ghamdi; Gad, Mohammed M
Abstract Purpose To evaluate the effect of printing orientation combined with different postcuring times on the flexural strength of 3D-printed resins. Materials and methods A total of 480 rectangular specimens with the dimensions of 64×10×3.3 mm were designed and fabricated from two 3D-printed acrylic resins and one heat-polymerized resin (HP). 3D-printed groups were divided into 3 groups according to printing orientations (0-, 45-, 90-degree); each group was subdivided into 4 groups according to postcuring time (30, 60, 90, 120 min.). All specimens were subjected to thermal cycling (10,000 cycles) before testing flexural strength. Fractured surfaces were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests were used for data analysis (α = 0.05). Results The result of this study showed that the highest flexural strength values of 3D-printed resin (NextDent, and ASIGA) were in 0-degree groups. Also, the flexural strength values increased when postcuring time was increased, regardless of the printing orientation; the highest flexural strength was recorded at 120 minutes postcuring time in all orientations. SEM analysis showed a rougher surface with irregular lamellae which represented a ductile fracture confirming that high energy is required for crack propagation and these features markedly increased as postcuring time increased. Conclusion The results showed that the 0-degree orientation groups showed higher flexural strength compared to other groups. Similarly, with increased postcuring time, the flexural strength increased.
Remineralizing Effects of Resin-Based Dental Sealants: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies
(2022) AlGhannam, Maha Ibrahim. AlAbbas, Mana’a Saleh. AlJishi, Jumanah Abdulla. AlRuwaili, Muath Abdulrahman. AlHumaid, Jehan. Ibrahim, Maria Salem; Mana’a Saleh AlAbbas; Jumanah Abdullah AlJishi; Muath Abdulrahman AlRuwaili; Maria Ibrahim; Jehan alhumaid
The incorporation of remineralizing additives into sealants has been considered as a feasible way to prevent caries by potential remineralization through ions release. Thus, this systematic review aimed to identify the remineralizing additives in resin-based sealants (RBS) and assess their performance. Search strategies were built to search four databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science and Scopus). The last search was conducted in June 2020. The screening, data extraction and quality assessment were completed by two independent reviewers. From the 8052 screened studies, 275 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. A total of 39 laboratory studies matched the inclusion criteria. The methodologies used to assess the remineralizing effect included microhardness tests, micro-computed tomography, polarized-light microscopy, ions analysis and pH measurements. Calcium phosphate (CaP), fluoride (F), boron nitride nanotubes (BNN), calcium silicate (CS) and hydroxyapatite (HAP) were incorporated into resin-based sealants in order to improve their remineralizing abilities. Out of the 39 studies, 32 studies focused on F as a remineralizing agent. Most of the studies confirmed the effectiveness of F and CaP on enamel remineralization. On the other hand, BNN and CS showed a small or insignificant effect on remineralization. However, most of the included studies focused on the short-term effects of these additives, as the peak of the ions release and concentration of these additives was seen during the first 24 h. Due to the lack of a standardized in vitro study protocol, a meta-analysis was not conducted. In conclusion, studies have confirmed the effectiveness of the incorporation of remineralizing agents into RBSs. However, the careful interpretation of these results is recommended due to the variations in the studies’ settings and assessments.
An Updated Review of Salivary pH Effects on Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA)-Based Removable Dental Prostheses
(2022) Alshahrani, Faris A.; Fatemah AlToraibily; Alzaid, Maryam; Amr A. Mahrous; Al Ghamdi, Maram A.; Gad, Mohammed M.
Salivary pH is a neglected factor that may affect the performance of removable dental prostheses (RDP). This study aimed to review literature in reference to the role of salivary pH on the performance of RDP and materials used for their fabrication. From January 1990 until December 2021, a search was done on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases using removable dental prostheses, salivary pH, PMMA, Denture base, and physical properties as keywords. Articles that met the inclusion criteria (full-length articles have investigated the effect of salivary pH on RDP materials in vitro and in vivo) were included. Out of 433 articles, 8 articles that met the inclusion criteria were included. All studies used artificial saliva with different salivary pH ranging between 3 and 14. Two articles investigated the role of salivary pH on the cytotoxicity of denture base resins and soft liner. One article studied the durability and retention of attachments, one article analyzed the performance of PEEK materials, one article researched the fatigue resistance of a denture base, one article investigated the corrosion of RPD framework cast and milled Co–Cr, one article studied the strength and clasp retention and deformation of acetal and PEEK materials, and one evaluated changes in mass and surface morphology of CAD–CAM fiber-reinforced composites for the prosthetic framework. Different salivary pH affected all included materials in this review except PEEK materials. The most adverse effect was reported with alkaline and acidic; however, the acidic showed the most deterioration effect. Salivary pH has a role in the selection of material used for RDP fabrication.
The pattern and use of Twitter among dental schools in Saudi Arabia
(2022) Fatimah Numan AlMuhammadi; AlMuhammadi, Fatimah N; Elaf Ahmed Alkuwaiti; Alkuwaiti, Elaf A; Aladinan, Banan A; Alzahrani, Nada M; Khusheim, Sarah A; Al-Johani, Mahmoud H
Objective Twitter as a social media platform has revolutionized the way we interact with others and receive information. The presence of dental schools in Twitter facilitates the engagement of students, educators, dental professionals, and the community. Given the explosive popularity of Twitter as a social media platform and its potential use in the areas of education and branding, the questions of why and how dental schools use these services warrant comprehensive research. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the pattern and use of Twitter as a social media platform for dental schools in Saudi Arabia. Methods The tweets were extracted within the timeframe from July 15, 2019, to July 15, 2020. The Twitter data collected included: full text content, the count of retweets, quotes, replies and likes. Extracted tweets were categorized into five main themes: news and announcement, dental professional communication, general communication, oral health education, and promoting participation. Tweets in each main theme were further categorized according to the dental schools’ academic roles namely; education, research and community service. In addition, tweets were classified according to originality of the tweet, language used, nature of the tweet and the use of hashtags and mentions. Descriptive analysis presented in the form of frequency tables with percentages and mean (SD) as well as graphical presentation of the pattern and use of Twitter for Saudi dental schools in the form of bar, pie and line charts. Categorical data were analyzed using chi square test, while continuous data were analyzed using ANOVA. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results A total of 15 Saudi dental schools with Twitter accounts were included in the analysis. King Saud University (KSU) had the largest number of followers with 17,200. Within the time frame of this study, a total of 1,889 original tweets from dental schools were found. Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU) had the highest number of posted tweets (n = 647, 34.3%). The distribution of tweets was highest in September 2019 (n = 239) and lowest in July 2020 (n = 22). Majority of the tweets (81.9%) belonged to five out of the 15 dental schools. News and announcements were the most tweeted thematic subject with 1,034 tweets (55%). While community service was the most tweeted academic role with 803 tweets (42%). The top five active dental schools’ performance for both thematic and academic role classifications were significantly different based on the chi square test (p < 0.001). Conclusion This study highlights the importance of Twitter as a social media platform, in dental education especially when it comes to presence and branding for dental schools. Twitter is a helpful platform to expose dental schools to the community, this can be seen by their academic achievements as well as their active role with community service.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of bioactive glass fillers against Candida albicans adhesion to PMMA denture base materials: An in vitro study
(2022) Khalid Y. Abu-rashid; Abu-Rashid, Khalid; Alkhaldi, Adel; Alshehri, Omar; Khan, Soban Q.
Background Dentures with antimicrobial properties are desirable for preventing Candida albicans adhesion. This study was to assess the effectiveness of bioactive glass (BAG) on C. albicans adhesion, surface roughness, and hardness of denture base materials. Methods Heat-polymerized (HP) and autopolymerized (AP) acrylic resins were used to fabricate 240 disk specimens (120/material, 60/C. albicans, 60/surface roughness and hardness). Specimens were divided into five groups (n = 10) based on the BAG concentration: 0.5, 1.5, 3, 5, and 7.5 wt% of the acrylic powder, with a control group comprised of unmodified specimens. Direct culture method was used to assess C. albicans adhesion. A profilometer and Vickers hardness test were used to measure surface roughness and hardness respectively. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc Tukey’s test were used for data analysis (α = 0.05). Results BAG addition significantly decreased the C. albicans count when compared with the control group (P < 0.001) for both HP and AP. Regarding surface roughness, there was no change in the HP acrylic resins (P > 0.05), while the AP acrylic resins exhibited significantly higher surface roughness with BAG addition (P < 0.001). The hardness of the HP and AP acrylic resins were significantly higher with the addition of BAG (P < 0.001). Conclusions The addition of BAG to HP and AP acrylic resins effectively decreases C. albicans adhesion. The roughness of AP acrylic resins increases with the addition of BAG, while the hardness of both HP and AP acrylic resins increase with the addition of BAG.

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